What is Artificial Intelligence? | Machine Learning for DH (01:01)

Python Tutorials for Digital Humanities

What is artificial intelligence? In this video we explore this question by looking at the history of artificial intelligence and its developments over the past 180 years, from Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace to Google’s AlphaGo victory over Lee Sedol in 2016. This is the first video in a long series on Machine Learning for the Digital Humanities (DH). The first part of this course is designed to give humanists a basic introduction to the history, terminology, and concepts of machine learning. In parts 2-8, we explore the application of machine learning to real problems humanists encounter. I teach you how to prepare real-world data for machine learning and how to process it via neural networks.

Here’s the outline of this video:

00:00:00 What is AI?
-the automation of an intellectual task that can be performed by a human being performed by a machine
-What is an intellectual task?
-What constitutes intelligence?
-How should the task be performed?
-Does it require learning or can it be programmed?

00:02:17 Types of AI
-Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)
– weak AI
– performs a narrow, single task, i.e. play checkers
-Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
– strong AI
– machine that can produce human intelligence
– can perform any task
– we are not here… yet…
-Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)
– will surpass human intellgence
– this is the one that makes people lose sleep
Types of ANI
-Symbolic AI or Good Ole’ Fashion AI (GOFAI)
-Hardcoding enough information that a machine could achieve human-like artificial intelligence (1950s-1980s)
-Machine Learning

00:03:22 History of AI
-1830s: Charles Babage and the Analytical Engine
-1830s: Ada Lovelace and Music
-1840s: Ada Lovelace and the first program
-Luigi Menebrea’s article on the Engine
-Her notes
-algorithm to calculate Bernoulli numbers
-1936 : Turing paper on computing numbers
-The Turing Machine (Programmable Computer)
-change a machine depending upon the function you want to see performed
-early-mid 1940s: Turing and Bletchley Park
-Decoding computer focused on one task — decoding Enigma
-Take a programmable machine into reality
-late 1940s: John Von Neuman develops the Machine
-project headed by Sir Charles Darwin (grandson of the one you know)
-completed in 1958 and designed to calculate trajectory of ballistic missles
-1948 : First computer that could run a program completed
-Max Newman headed the project and offered Turing a job in Manchester
-This was viewed in neurological terms and headed by the neurology department
-started a debate about whether a machine could think
-1950: Turing writes another paper
-spent a year writing it, not published until 1968 because it was ridiculed by Sir Charles Darwin
-Turing argued that you could build circuits that thought like a human and could learn
-The Turing Test
-Can a computer talk like a human
-birth of modern AI and theoretical application of machine learning
-1952: A.S. Douglas and OXO
-One of the first video games
-Could play tic tac Toe
-Hardcoded to play a perfect game
-1961: Donald Michie
-MENACE and Tic-Tac-Toe with Learning
-Uses 304 matchboxes that have different game states on them
-Each matchbox has physical objects in each box reprenting the possible moves
-If a move leads to a loss, that option is removed
-If a move leads to a win or draw, that option is saved
-It proves conceptually that a machine can learn
-It learns differently depending on the initial plays
-1970s: First AI Winter (Francois Chollet)
-1980s: Boom in AI by private businesses
-1991 : Chinook and Checkers
-1997 : DeepBlue and IBM
-early 2000s: Second AI Winter
-2011 : IBM’s Watson wins at Jepardy
-2016 : Google’s Deepmind beats Sedol in Go

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