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Fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces or interactive forces, are modeled in physics as patterns of relations in physical systems, evolving over time, whose objects appear not to be reducible to more basic entities. There are four conventionally accepted fundamental interactions—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear—each understood as the dynamics of a field. The gravitational force is modeled as a continuous classical field. Each of the other three is modeled as a discrete quantum field, and exhibits a measurable unit or elementary particle.
Gravitation and electromagnetism act over potentially infinite distance—across the universe—and mediate everyday phenomena of human experience. The other two fields act over minuscule, subatomic distances. Synthesizing chemical elements via nuclear fusion within stars and quasars, the strong binds the atomic nucleus—the force released during nuclear fission as in detonation of a nuclear bomb—whereas the weak mediates radioactive decay.
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